Piloting the informed health choices resources in Barcelona primary schools: A mixed methods study.

INTRODUCTION: The main objective of the Informed Health Choices (IHC) project is to teach people to assess treatment claims and make informed health choices. For this purpose, the IHC learning resources were developed for primary school children. The aim of this study is to explore students' and teachers' experience when using the IHC resources in primary schools in Barcelona (Spain). METHODS: We conducted a mixed methods study for piloting the IHC resources in a convenience sample of primary schools in Barcelona. The intervention included a workshop with teachers, and nine lessons with students. We collected data using multiple approaches. We performed quantitative and qualitative analyses, and integrated the findings in a joint display. Finally, we formulated recommendations for using the IHC resources in this setting. RESULTS: Two schools, with a total of 143 students in 4th and 5th grade and six teachers, participated in the study. One school followed the suggested IHC teaching plan and competed all the lessons; the other school modified the plan substantially and did not complete all the lessons. Overall, students and teachers from both schools understood, were interested in, and were able to apply the content of the lessons. During the lessons, the textbook was useful for students; nevertheless, for the teachers, the usefulness of the IHC resources was variable. Teachers adapted the IHC resources to increase student participation and used Information and Communications Technologies tools. We observed more facilitators than barriers to teach the lessons. The teachers suggested some ideas to improve the lessons based on activities they developed and implemented. The integration analysis showed great convergence of the quantitative and qualitative findings. We propose seven recommendations for using the IHC resources in this setting. CONCLUSIONS: Students and teachers from primary schools in Barcelona showed a positive experience when using IHC resources; however, these resources should be adapted to promote classroom participation.

[Summary PAPPS Childhood and Adolescence 2022]. / Resumen PAPPS Infancia y Adolescencia 2022.

Two important topics about children and adolescents in our primary care activity are presented in this update document: tobacco smoking prevention in adolescence and prophylaxis with vitamin K to prevent the hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

Expresión clínica de la COVID-19 en pediatría de atención primaria: estudio COVIDPAP / COVID-19 clinical features in primary care: COVIDPAP study

Objetivos: En España, las pruebas diagnósticas de COVID-19 en atención primaria estuvieron disponibles desde mayo de 2020. Previamente la mayoría de los estudios describían pacientes hospitalarios: la fiebre y la tos eran los síntomas más frecuentes. Interesaba conocer la expresión clínica de la COVID-19 pediátrica en la comunidad. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo analítico observacional de casos pediátricos (0-14 años) de 255 pediatras de atención primaria españoles, del 12/5/2020 al 30/4/2021. Los diagnósticos se determinaron por PCR, test rápido de detección de antígeno o serología IgG positiva. Resultados: Se incluyeron 10.021 niños, 48,4% mujeres, con una edad media de 8,04±4,17 años. Se detectó la infección por búsqueda de contactos (70,9%) o síntomas compatibles (18,8%). El hogar familiar fue la principal fuente de contagio (64,9%), seguido por los colegios (10%) o de origen desconocido (9,9%). No hubo diferencias significativas en la incidencia entre temporadas vacacionales o lectivas. El 43,2% fueron asintomáticos. Los síntomas más frecuentemente encontrados fueron rinorrea en menores de 2 años, fiebre entre 3 y 8 años y cefalea en mayores de 9 años. Se describen exhaustivamente los síntomas y signos observados por edad. Se hospitalizaron a 8 pacientes, uno con un síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico. No hubo fallecimientos. Conclusiones: La COVID-19 es una enfermedad leve con un gran número de casos asintomáticos, con pocas hospitalizaciones y fallecimientos. El lugar principal de transmisión es el domicilio y el cierre de colegios debería ser el último recurso para controlar la pandemia. No se pudo describir un cuadro clínico característico de la enfermedad. (AU)

Objectives: In Spain, the tools to diagnose COVID-19 were available in primary care from May 2020. Previously most studies described inpatients, and fever and cough were the most frequent symptoms. This study aims to define the clinical picture of the pediatric COVID-19 in the community. Methods: A descriptive and analytical observational study was performed including pediatric cases (0-14y) from 255 pediatricians, proportionally distributed to its population, from primary health centers in Spain, from 12th May 2020 to 30th April 2021. Diagnostics were made by PCR detection of viral RNA, rapid antigen detection test or positive IgG serology. Results: There were 10,021 positive children included, 48.4% women, mean age 8,04±4.17 years. Infection was detected due to contact tracing (70.9%), compatible symptoms (18.8%). Household was the main source of transmission (64.9%), followed by school setting (10%) or unknown (9.9%). We did not find any significant differences in the incidence between holidays and school terms. 43.2% of the children were asymptomatic. Most frequent symptoms are rhinorrhea in <2y, fever in 3-8y and headache in >9y. An exhaustive description of objective and subjective symptoms by age is made. 18 patients were hospitalized, one with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. There were no deaths. Conclusions: Pediatric COVID-19 is a mild disease, with a large number of asymptomatic cases, with very few hospital admissions and deaths. The main setting for transmission is the household, and school closures should be a last resource measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. A specific clinical picture of pediatric COVID-19 was not found. (AU)

COVID-19 clinical features in primary care: COVIDPAP study.

OBJECTIVES: In Spain, the tools to diagnose COVID-19 were available in primary care from May 2020. Previously most studies described inpatients or patients in A&E departments, and fever and cough were the most frequent symptoms. This study aims to define the clinical picture of the pediatric COVID-19 in the community. METHODS: A descriptive and analytical observational study was performed including pediatric cases (0-14years) from 255 pediatricians, proportionally distributed to its population, from primary health centers in Spain, from 12th May 2020 to 30th April 2021. Diagnostics were made by PCR detection of viral RNA, rapid antigen detection test or positive IgG serology. RESULTS: There were 10,021 positive children included, 48.4% women, mean age 8,04±4.17years. Infection was detected due to contact tracing (70.9%), compatible symptoms (18.8%). Household was the main source of transmission (64.9%), followed by school setting (10%) or unknown (9.9%). We did not find any significant differences in the incidence between holidays and school terms. 43.2% of the children were asymptomatic. Most frequent symptoms are rhinorrhea in <2years, fever in 3-8years and headache in >9years. An exhaustive description of objective and subjective symptoms by age is made. 18 patients were hospitalized, one with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. There were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS: pediatric COVID-19 is a mild disease, with a large number of asymptomatic cases, with very few hospital admissions and deaths. The main setting for transmission is the household, and school closures should be a last resource measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. A specific clinical picture of pediatric COVID-19 was not found.

Publicaciones científicas de los pediatras españoles de Atención Primaria en los últimos seis años (2015-2020) / Scientific publications of primary care paediatricians in Spain the last six years (2015-2020)

Introducción: la actividad asistencial debería ir siempre ligada a una investigación de calidad, ya que mediante el método científico se analizan y estudian los problemas para buscar sus causas o soluciones, formando parte de un proceso de mejora continua de la asistencia clínica. El objetivo del presente estudio es conocer la frecuencia de participación de los pediatras de Atención Primaria (PAP) como autores de publicaciones de las principales revistas pediátricas nacionales e internacionales. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal. Se realizó una revisión de las autorías de los artículos publicados en todas las revistas pediátricas nacionales y regionales y en las tres revistas internacionales pediátricas de mayor relevancia, en el periodo de tiempo comprendido desde el 1 de enero de 2015 al 30 de junio de 2020. Resultados: se revisaron 6398 artículos, 2030 artículos de revistas nacionales y 4368 artículos de revistas internacionales. En los artículos de revistas nacionales, había un PAP entre los autores en 410 (20,2%), participaban exclusivamente PAP en 117 (5,8%) y el primer firmante era un PAP en 258 (12,7%). En los artículos de revistas internacionales, 31 (0,71%) contienen entre sus firmantes algún autor español y solo 5 cuentan con la participación de al menos un PAP. Conclusiones: la actividad investigadora y de publicaciones de ámbito nacional de los PAP es baja. A nivel internacional, hay pocas publicaciones de los pediatras españoles en las principales revistas pediátricas, siendo muy minoritaria la presencia de publicaciones de PAP en estas revistas (AU)

Introduction: health care delivery should always be associated with quality research, as the scientific method is used to assess and investigate problems to identify their causes or solutions as part of an ongoing health care quality improvement process. The objective of our study was to determine the frequency with which primary care paediatricians (PCPs) in Spain contribute as authors of publications in the main national and international paediatric journals.Material and methods: descriptive cross-sectional study. We reviewed the authorship of the articles published in every Spanish national and regional paediatric journal and in the 3 most relevant international paediatric journals in the period ranging from January 1, 2015 to June 30, 2020.Results: the review included a total of 6398 articles, 2030 from national journals and 4368 articles from international journals. In the group of articles published in Spanish journals, we found authors that were PCPs in 410 (20.2%), with exclusive participation of PCPs in 117 (5.8%) and a PCP listed as the first author in 258 (12.7%). In articles published in international journals, 31 (0.71%) had a Spanish author in the list, and only 5 listed at least one Spanish PCP.Conclusions: involvement in research and contribution to national scientific journals is low among PCPs. At the international level, there are few publications by Spanish paediatricians in the main paediatric journals, with an extremely low number of contributions by PCPs in these journals. (AU)

[COVID-19 clinical features in primary care: COVIDPAP study]. / Expresión clínica de la COVID-19 en pediatría de atención primaria: estudio COVIDPAP.

Objectives: In Spain, the tools to diagnose COVID-19 were available in primary care from May 2020. Previously most studies described inpatients, and fever and cough were the most frequent symptoms. This study aims to define the clinical picture of the pediatric COVID-19 in the community. Methods: A descriptive and analytical observational study was performed including pediatric cases (0-14y) from 255 pediatricians, proportionally distributed to its population, from primary health centers in Spain, from 12th May 2020 to 30th April 2021. Diagnostics were made by PCR detection of viral RNA, rapid antigen detection test or positive IgG serology. Results: There were 10,021 positive children included, 48.4% women, mean age 8,04 ± 4.17 years. Infection was detected due to contact tracing (70.9%), compatible symptoms (18.8%). Household was the main source of transmission (64.9%), followed by school setting (10%) or unknown (9.9%). We did not find any significant differences in the incidence between holidays and school terms. 43.2% of the children were asymptomatic. Most frequent symptoms are rhinorrhea in < 2 y, fever in 3-8 y and headache in > 9 y. An exhaustive description of objective and subjective symptoms by age is made. 18 patients were hospitalized, one with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. There were no deaths. Conclusions: Pediatric COVID-19 is a mild disease, with a large number of asymptomatic cases, with very few hospital admissions and deaths. The main setting for transmission is the household, and school closures should be a last resource measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. A specific clinical picture of pediatric COVID-19 was not found.

Capacidad predictiva para la lactancia y determinación del mejor punto de corte de la escala BSES-SF / Predictive capacity for breastfeeding and determination of the best cut-off point for the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale-short form

Introducción: El instrumento utilizado habitualmente para valorar la autoeficacia de la lactancia materna (LM) es la breastfeeding self-efficacy scale-short form (BSES-SF). Este estudio valora la relación entre la puntuación de la BSES-SF y el riesgo de abandono de la lactancia. También se determina el punto de corte en la puntuación de la escala que optimiza la detección de este riesgo desde la atención primaria. Métodos: Análisis secundario de datos del estudio Lactancia y Desarrollo Infantil (LAyDI). Ensayo de cohorte única realizado a través de la red de investigación de pediatras de atención primaria (PAPenRed). Cada especialista reclutó un recién nacido cada mes durante un año. Se siguió la cohorte durante 24 meses. Las madres respondieron la BSES-SF en la primera visita. Se recogieron datos generales de el embarazo y el parto y se valoró la LM (suplementada o exclusiva) hasta los seis meses. Resultados: n = 1.845. El área bajo la curva ROC para la LM exclusiva fue al primer mes de 0,79 (0,77 a 0,82) y al segundo mes de 0,760 (0,734 a 0,786). Para los cuatro y seis meses, así como para cualquier edad en las madres que dan LM suplementada, el área bajo la curva fue menor de 0,75 y su capacidad predictiva no se consideró adecuada. Para una sensibilidad del 80% en la detección de las mujeres en riesgo de abandono de la lactancia, la puntuación de corte fue 58. Conclusiones: Las madres que en atención primaria presenten una puntuación en la BSES-SF por debajo de 58 tienen riesgo de abandono de la LM exclusiva antes de los dos meses.(AU)

Introduction: The most widely used tool for assessing breastfeeding self-efficacy is the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF). This study asses the relationship between the BSES-SF score and the risk of breastfeeding (BF) cessation and determine the cut-off point in the scale score that optimizes detection of this risk in primary health care pediatric consultations. Methods: Secondary data analysis of the LAyDI study. It is a cohort study. It was carried out through a research network of primary care pediatricians (PAPenRed). A newborn was recruited every month for one year by 210 pediatricians. The cohort was followed for 24 months. Mothers responded to the BSES-SF at the first visit. General pregnancy and delivery data were collected and assessed to determine whether breastfeeding was exclusive or supplemented during the first six months. Results: n = 1,845. The area under the ROC curve for the exclusive BF was 0.790 (0.765-0.815) the first month and 0.760 (0.734-0.786) the second month. For four and six months, as well as for any age in mothers who give supplemented BF, the Area Under the Curve was less than 0.75 and its predictive capacity was not considered to be good. For a sensitivity of 80% in detecting mothers at risk of BF cessation with the BSES-SF, the cut-off score was 58. Conclusions: Mothers with a BSES-SF score below 58 points in primary health care, are at risk of early withdrawal of exclusive BF within two months.(AU)

Predictive capacity for breastfeeding and determination of the best cut-off point for the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale-short form.

INTRODUCTION: The most widely used tool for assessing breastfeeding self-efficacy is the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF). This study assesses the relationship between the BSES-SF score and the risk of breastfeeding (BF) cessation and determines the cut-off point in the scale score that optimizes detection of this risk in primary health care pediatric consultations. METHODS: Secondary data analysis of the LAyDI study. Cohort study carried out through a research network of primary care pediatricians (PAPenRed). A newborn was recruited every month for one year by 210 pediatricians. The cohort was followed for 24 months. Mothers responded to the BSES-SF at the first visit. General pregnancy and delivery data were collected and assessed to determine whether breastfeeding was exclusive or supplemented during the first 6 months. RESULTS: N = 1845. The Area Under the ROC Curve for the exclusive BF was 0.790 (0.765-0.815) the first month and 0.760 (0.734-0.786) the second month. For 4 and 6 months, as well as for any age in mothers who give supplemented BF, the Area Under the Curve was less than 0.75 and its predictive capacity was not considered to be good. For a sensitivity of 80% in detecting mothers at risk of BF cessation with the BSES-SF, the cut-off score was 58. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers with a BSES-SF score below 58 points in primary health care, are at risk of early withdrawal of exclusive BF within two months.

Teaching and learning how to make informed health choices: Protocol for a context analysis in Spanish primary schools.

Introduction The Informed Health Choices (IHC) project developed learning resources to teach primary school children (10 to 12-year-olds) to assess treatment claims and make informed health choices. The aim of our study is to explore the educational context for teaching and learning critical thinking about health in Spanish primary schools. Methods During the 2020-2021 school year, we will conduct 1) a systematic assessment of educational documents and resources, and 2) semi-structured interviews with key education and health stakeholders. In the systematic assessment of educational documents and resources, we will include state and autonomous communities' curriculums, school educational projects, and commonly used textbooks and other health teaching materials. In the semi-structured interviews, we will involve education and health policy makers, developers of learning resources, developers of health promotion and educational interventions, head teachers, teachers, families, and paediatric primary care providers. We will design and pilot a data extraction form and a semi-structured interview guide to collect the data. We will perform a quantitative and a qualitative analysis of the data to explore how critical thinking about health is being taught and learned in Spanish primary schools. Conclusion We will identify opportunities for and barriers to teaching and learning critical thinking about health in Spanish primary schools. We will formulate recommendations-for both practice and research purposes-on how to use, adapt (if needed), and implement the IHC resources in this context.

Uso profiláctico de la vitamina K para prevenir la enfermedad hemorrágica del recién nacido / Prophylactic use of vitamin K to prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn

El déficit de vitamina K al nacimiento supone un factor de riesgo para desarrollar la enfermedad hemorrágica del recién nacido (EHRN). Este estado pro hemorrágico puede producir sangrados graves principalmente a nivel cutáneo, gastrointestinal y cerebral. Hay buena evidencia de que la administración de vitamina K en el recién nacido (RN) es segura y eficaz, los daños potenciales son leves, por lo que está claro el beneficio neto a favor de la administración. El grupo PrevInfad recomienda administrar a todos los recién nacidos 1 mg de vitamina K de forma profiláctica por vía intramuscular para prevenir la EHRN. En el documento, se hacen consideraciones especiales para prematuros y para niños cuyos padres rechazan la profilaxis intramuscular. Asimismo, se presenta una propuesta operativa e información para padres (AU)

Vitamin K deficiency at birth is a risk factor for Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn. This bleeding prone situation can produce severe hemorrhages mainly in the skin, gastrointestinal tract and brain.There is strong evidence that the administration of vitamin K to the newborn is safe and effective, potential side effects are mild, so there is a clear benefit of its administration.PrevInfad workgroup recommends the prophylactic administration of 1 mg intramuscular Vitamin K to prevent the Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn.Some special considerations for preterm newborns and for children whose parents reject intramuscular prophylaxis are explained in the document. Moreover, an operative proposal and information for parents are presented. (AU)

[Predictive capacity for breastfeeding and determination of the best cut-off point for the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale-short form]. / Capacidad predictiva para la lactancia y determinación del mejor punto de corte de la escala BSES-SF.

INTRODUCTION: The most widely used tool for assessing breastfeeding self-efficacy is the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF). This study asses the relationship between the BSES-SF score and the risk of breastfeeding (BF) cessation and determine the cut-off point in the scale score that optimizes detection of this risk in primary health care pediatric consultations. METHODS: Secondary data analysis of the LAyDI study. It is a cohort study. It was carried out through a research network of primary care pediatricians (PAPenRed). A newborn was recruited every month for one year by 210 pediatricians. The cohort was followed for 24 months. Mothers responded to the BSES-SF at the first visit. General pregnancy and delivery data were collected and assessed to determine whether breastfeeding was exclusive or supplemented during the first six months. RESULTS: n = 1,845. The area under the ROC curve for the exclusive BF was 0.790 (0.765-0.815) the first month and 0.760 (0.734-0.786) the second month. For four and six months, as well as for any age in mothers who give supplemented BF, the Area Under the Curve was less than 0.75 and its predictive capacity was not considered to be good. For a sensitivity of 80% in detecting mothers at risk of BF cessation with the BSES-SF, the cut-off score was 58. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers with a BSES-SF score below 58 points in primary health care, are at risk of early withdrawal of exclusive BF within two months.

Prevención del consumo de tabaco en la adolescencia / Tobacco smoking prevention in adolescence

El consumo de tabaco puede llegar a ser un problema durante la adolescencia. La experimentación con el tabaco puede llevar a un consumo de larga duración y dependencia. Los adolescentes fumadores tienen el mismo riesgo a largo plazo que los fumadores adultos de desarrollar cáncer, enfermedades cardiovasculares o enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Además, el tabaco supone un riesgo importante para el bebé durante el embarazo y la lactancia. Tras realizar una revisión amplia de la literatura científica, el grupo PrevInfad concluye que no existen pruebas de buena calidad a favor ni en contra para recomendar la intervención individual frente al consumo de tabaco en adolescentes. No obstante, dadas las importantes implicaciones que tiene para la salud el desarrollo precoz de dependencia del tabaco y la mayor dificultad de abandono de este cuando se inicia a edades tempranas, parece mayor el beneficio que el riesgo de realizar consejo o intervención breve, teniendo en cuenta tanto las preferencias y valores de los adolescentes y sus familias como los recursos disponibles

Tobacco consumption may become a problem in adolescence. Experiencing tobacco may drive to a long-lasting consumption and dependence. Adolescents smokers have the same risk in the long term than adult smokers as far as cancer, cardiovascular disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is concerned. Moreover, tobacco implies relevant risks during pregnancy and breastfeeding. After a comprehensive literature review, the group PrevInfad concludes that there is no good quality evidence in favor nor against the recommendation of individual intervention on tobacco consumption in adolescents. Nevertheless, given the relevant implications in health of the early tobacco dependence, and the greater difficulty of its cessation when started at an early age, the benefit of the brief counseling or intervention seems greater than its risk, taking into account the values and preferences of the adolescents and their families as well as the available resources

Cribado de la depresión mayor en la infancia y adolescencia (parte 2) / Screening for depression in chilhood and adolescence (part 2)

El síndrome depresivo que aparece durante la infancia o la adolescencia tiende a seguir un curso crónico, con alta probabilidad de permanecer en la edad adulta. Su sintomatología repercute en la vida diaria del menor y, en el caso de la depresión mayor, supone un riesgo para la aparición de conducta suicida. Dada la variabilidad de sus manifestaciones clínicas y las dificultades en el diagnóstico, se plantea la posible utilidad del uso de cuestionarios de cribado en la población infantil y adolescente, a partir de un análisis del rendimiento de estos y de la eficacia de las medidas terapéuticas actuales. El presente trabajo se ha dividido en dos partes, y al final de este se recopilan las recomendaciones de distintos grupos de trabajo y tras el análisis de la evidencia, las recomendaciones que el grupo PrevInfad ha consensuado para la consulta de los pediatras en Atención Primaria

The depressive syndrome that appears during childhood or adolescence tends to follow a chronic course, with a high probability of remaining in adulthood. Its symptoms affect the daily life of the minor and in case of major depression, it poses a risk for the onset of suicidal behavior. Given the variability of its clinical manifestations and the difficulties in diagnosis, the possible usefulness of the use of screening questionnaires in the child and adolescent population is proposed, based on an analysis of their performance and the efficacy of current therapeutic measures. This article, which has been divided in two parts, ends with several recommendations for the consultation of pediatricians in Primary Care made by PrevInfad Group, after analyzing their evidence

Cribado de la depresión mayor en la infancia y adolescencia (parte 1) / Screening for depression in childhood and adolescence (part 1)

El síndrome depresivo que aparece durante la infancia o la adolescencia tiende a seguir un curso crónico, con alta probabilidad de permanecer en la edad adulta. Su sintomatología repercute en la vida diaria del menor y, en el caso de la depresión mayor, supone un riesgo para la aparición de conducta suicida. Dada la variabilidad de sus manifestaciones clínicas y las dificultades en el diagnóstico, se plantea la posible utilidad del uso de cuestionarios de cribado en la población infantil y adolescente, a partir de un análisis del rendimiento de estos y de la eficacia de las medidas terapéuticas actuales. El presente trabajo se ha dividido en dos partes, y al final de este se recopilan las recomendaciones de distintos grupos de trabajo y tras el análisis de la evidencia, las recomendaciones que el grupo PrevInfad ha consensuado para la consulta de los pediatras en Atención Primaria

The depressive syndrome that appears during childhood or adolescence tends to follow a chronic course, with a high probability of remaining in adulthood. Its symptoms affect the daily life of the minor and in case of major depression, it poses a risk for the onset of suicidal behavior. Given the variability of its clinical manifestations and the difficulties in diagnosis, the possible usefulness of the use of screening questionnaires in the child and adolescent population is proposed, based on an analysis of their performance and the efficacy of current therapeutic measures. This article, which has been divided in two parts, ends with several recommendations made by different work groups and, after analyzing the evidence, the ones that the PrevInfad group has agreed on for the consultation of pediatricians in Primary Care

Prevención de lesiones infantiles por accidente de tráfico / Child injury by traffic accident prevention

La prevención de los accidentes de tráfico es un tema de gran trascendencia social y un asunto de primera magnitud en salud pública. El grupo PrevInfad presenta en este documento la actualización de sus recomendaciones para la prevención de las lesiones por accidente de tráfico en niños y adolescentes, publicando en este caso un documento totalmente nuevo, que puede ser consultado en su versión íntegra en la página web del grupo (previnfad.aepap.org). La metodología incluye el diseño de un marco analítico, la formulación de preguntas estructuradas, la búsqueda y el análisis de la bibliografía. Dentro del apartado de accidentes de tráfico se van a considerar los ocasionados en vehículos a motor con el niño como pasajero o con el adolescente como conductor de ciclomotores u otros vehículos, los sufridos por peatones y las lesiones por caídas de bicicleta o por colisión de estas con vehículos a motor. También se incluye a los niños que se inician en la competición de ciclomotor. Es evidente que gran parte de las acciones preventivas corresponden a otros estamentos, si bien el pediatra tiene el deber de actuar como consejero y como grupo científico

Traffic accident prevention is an issue of social relevance and a very important public health matter. The working group PrevInfad presents in this document the update of its recommendations for traffic injury prevention in children and adolescents. The published document is brand new and can be consulted in full on the group's website (previnfad.aepap.org). The methodology includes the design of an analytic framework, the formulation of structured questions, the search of the evidence and the analysis of the bibliography. Traffic accidents are considered those caused in motor vehicles with the child as a passenger or with the adolescent as a driver of motorcycles or other vehicles, the accidents suffered by pedestrians and the injuries by falls from bicycles or from collision of bicycles with motor vehicles. The document also includes children that initiate into motorcycle competition. Many of the preventive actions concern to other levels, nevertheless the pediatricians must act as advisers and as scientific group

[Childhood and adolescence PAPPS summary 2020]. / RESUMEN PAPPS Infancia y Adolescencia 2020.

Four important topics about children and adolescents in our Primary Care activity are presented in this update document: support for breastfeeding, promotion of physical activity, prevention of child injuries due to traffic accidents, and screening for major depression.

Promoción de la actividad física en la infancia y la adolescencia (parte 2) / Promotion of physical activity in childhood and adolescence (part 2)

La actualización sobre las actividades de promoción de la actividad física en la infancia y adolescencia se aborda en dos partes. En la primera se analizan los beneficios en salud y los posibles riesgos de la actividad física. En la segunda se valora la evidencia sobre la eficacia de las intervenciones dirigidas a la promoción de la actividad física y disminución del sedentarismo en la edad pediátrica. El grupo PrevInfad sugiere hacer intervenciones dirigidas a la promoción de la actividad física o a la disminución del sedentarismo tanto en Atención Primaria como en el entorno escolar o comunitario

The update on actions to promote physical activity in childhood and adolescence is addressed in two parts. In the first part, the benefits in health and the possible risks of physical activity are analysed. In the second part, the evidence about the efficacy of the interventions directed to promote physical activity and decrease sedentary lifestyles in the paediatric age is assessed. The PrevInfad group suggests making interventions aimed at the promotion of physical activity or at reducing sedentary lifestyles, both in primary care and in the school or community environment

Promoción de la actividad física en la infancia y la adolescencia (parte 1) / Promotion of physical activity in childhood and adolescence (part 1)

La actualización sobre las actividades de promoción de la actividad física en la infancia y adolescencia se aborda en dos partes. En la primera se analizan los beneficios en salud y los posibles riesgos de la actividad física. En la segunda se valora la evidencia sobre la eficacia de las intervenciones dirigidas a la promoción de la actividad física y disminución del sedentarismo en la edad pediátrica. El grupo PrevInfad sugiere hacer intervenciones dirigidas a la promoción de la actividad física o a la disminución del sedentarismo tanto en Atención Primaria como en el entorno escolar o comunitario

The update on actions to promote physical activity in childhood and adolescence is addressed in two parts. In the first part, the benefits in health and the possible risks of physical activity are analyzed. In the second part, the evidence about the efficacy of the interventions directed to promote physical activity and decrease sedentary lifestyles in the pediatric age is assessed. The PrevInfad group suggests making interventions aimed at the promotion of physical activity or at reducing sedentary lifestyles, both in Primary Care and in the school or community environment

Apoyo a la lactancia materna en Atención Primaria / Support for breastfeeding in Primary Care

La leche humana se reconoce como el alimento idóneo para todos los niños por sus probados beneficios en la salud de la madre y del niño. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda la lactancia materna exclusiva durante los primeros seis meses de la vida y, al menos hasta los dos años, complementada con otros alimentos. Esta recomendación se extiende a los recién nacidos enfermos y prematuros, salvo raras excepciones. Las pruebas sobre el efecto protector de la lactancia materna en la salud del niño y de la madre son muy robustas en relación con catorce enfermedades, nueve infantiles y cinco maternas. El apoyo a la lactancia materna desde Atención Primaria tiene un efecto favorable y consistente, con un riesgo de efectos adversos mínimo y que precisa una disponibilidad de recursos asumibles. En los centros de salud se sugiere implantar las prácticas recomendadas por la Academia Americana de Pediatría o los siete pasos de la Iniciativa de Humanización de la Asistencia al Nacimiento y Lactancia para prolongar la lactancia materna. Se sugiere formar a los médicos en lactancia materna, implicar a enfermeras consultoras en lactancia y favorecer el apoyo entre pares para prolongar la lactancia materna

Human milk is recognized as the ideal nourishment for all children due to its proven health benefits for mother and child. World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life and, at least until two years, complemented with other foods. This recommendation extends to sick and preterm newborns, with rare exceptions. Proofs on the protecting effect of breastfeeding for child and mother health are very robust relating to fourteen diseases: nine child diseases and five mother diseases. Support to breastfeeding in Primary Care has a favourable and consistent effect, with a minimum risk of adverse events and it requires affordable resources. It is suggested to implement in Primary Care Centers the recommended practices of the American Academy of Pediatrics or the 7 steps of Initiative Humanisation of Attendance to Birth and breastfeeding to prolong breastfeeding. It is suggested to train physicians in breastfeeding, involve breastfeeding consultant nurses and promote the peers' support to prolong breastfeeding